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John Witherspoon’s Ecclesiastical Characteristics is a satirical yet piercing critique of the “moderate” faction within the 18th-century Church of Scotland.
约翰·威瑟斯庞的《教会特征》是对十八世纪苏格兰教会中”温和派”阵营的一部讽刺而又尖锐的批判。
Through the use of biting humor and incisive wit, Witherspoon unpacks the characteristics of the “moderate” ministers who prioritized rationalism and moral virtue at the expense of doctrinal orthodoxy and spiritual fervor.
通过运用尖刻的幽默和犀利的机智，威瑟斯庞揭示了”温和派”牧师的特征，这些牧师将理性主义和道德美德置于首位，却以牺牲教义正统和属灵热忱为代价。
The book is structured as a series of maxims, each followed by explanations and examples that showcase the hypocrisy and self-interest of the moderates.
本书以一系列格言的形式构成，每条格言后面都附有解释和例证，展示了温和派的虚伪和自利。
At the heart of the book is Witherspoon’s concern for the purity of the gospel and a lament over the encroaching secularization of the clergy.
本书的核心是威瑟斯庞对福音纯洁性的关注，以及对圣职人员日益世俗化的哀叹。
He does not mince words in exposing how many in the Church have abandoned their commitment to the truth of Scripture in favor of popularity, philosophical trends, or personal advancement.
他毫不隐晦地揭露了教会中许多人如何放弃了对圣经真理的委身，转而追求声望、哲学潮流或个人晋升。
The text systematically critiques several aspects of moderation, including the abandonment of confessional integrity, the tendency to minimize doctrinal differences, and the acceptance of heresy under the guise of tolerance.
本书系统地批判了温和派的几个方面，包括放弃信条的完整性、倾向于淡化教义差异，以及在宽容的幌子下接受异端。
Witherspoon’s genius lies in his ability to make readers laugh while simultaneously convicting them of the dangerous trajectory he saw within the Church.
威瑟斯庞的天才之处在于他能够让读者发笑，同时又使他们认识到他在教会内所看到的危险轨迹。
His humor sharpens the edge of his arguments, making the book not only an enjoyable read but also a powerful theological statement.
他的幽默使他的论证更加锋利，使本书不仅是一部令人愉快的读物，也是一个有力的神学宣言。
For any reader interested in the intersection of theology, church history, and social critique, Ecclesiastical Characteristics remains highly relevant as it tackles the perennial issue of balancing truth and charity in the life of the Church.
对于任何对神学、教会历史和社会批判的交叉领域感兴趣的读者来说，《教会特征》仍然极具相关性，因为它处理了在教会生活中平衡真理与爱心这一长期存在的问题。
About the Author
关于作者
John Witherspoon (1723–1794) was a prominent Scottish-American Presbyterian minister, theologian, and educator.
约翰·威瑟斯庞（1723-1794）是一位杰出的苏格兰裔美国长老会牧师、神学家和教育家。
As a key figure in both religious and political spheres, Witherspoon served as the President of Princeton University (then the College of New Jersey) and was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
作为宗教和政治领域的关键人物，威瑟斯庞担任过普林斯顿大学（当时称为新泽西学院）的校长，并且是《独立宣言》的签署人之一。
His theological writings and sermons played an influential role in shaping American religious thought during the Revolutionary era.
他的神学著作和讲道在革命时代塑造美国宗教思想方面发挥了重要影响。
His work, Ecclesiastical Characteristics, is a testament to his enduring commitment to Reformed theology and his deep concern for the integrity of the Church.
他的作品《教会特征》是他对改革宗神学持久委身以及对教会完整性深切关注的见证。
TABLE OF CONTENTS
目录
Part I. Ecclesiastical Characteristics
第一部分 教会特征
- CHAP. I. Introduction.
第一章 引言
- CHAP. II. Maxim I.
第二章 格言一
- CHAP. III. Maxim II.
第三章 格言二
- CHAP. IV. Maxim III.
第四章 格言三
- CHAP. V. Maxim IV.
第五章 格言四
- CHAP. VI. Maxim V.
第六章 格言五
- CHAP. VII. Maxim VI.
第七章 格言六
- CHAP. VIII. Maxim VII.
第八章 格言七
- CHAP. IX. Maxim VIII.
第九章 格言八
- CHAP. X. Maxim IX.
第十章 格言九
- CHAP. XI. Maxim X.
第十一章 格言十
- CHAP. XII. Maxim XI.
第十二章 格言十一
- CHAP. XIII. Maxim XII.
第十三章 格言十二
- CHAP. XIV. Maxim XIII.
第十四章 格言十三
- CHAP. XV. Conclusion.
第十五章 结论
Part II. A Serious Apology for the Ecclesiastical Characteristics
第二部分 为《教会特征》所作的严肃辩护
- CHAP. I. Introduction.
第一章 引言
- CHAP. II. A Serious Apology for the Characteristics.
第二章 为《特征》所作的严肃辩护
- CHAP. III. The Subject of it in General.
第三章 总体主题
- CHAP. IV. Why it was written in such a Way.
第四章 为何以这种方式写作
- CHAP. V. What Occasion was Given for it.
第五章 写作此书的缘由
- CHAP. VI. The State of the Church.
第六章 教会的状况
- CHAP. VII. Conclusion.
第七章 结论